Electrical system.



R. VARLEY.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.

APPLIOATION FILED JUNE 16,1913.

Patented Dec. 16, 1913.

'3 SHEETBSHEET 1.

ill-M1 45-7 R. VARLEY.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.

APPLLOATION FILED JUNE 16,1913. 1,0 81%} 3, Patented Dec. 16, 19.13.

3 SHEET SSHBET 2.

R.VARLEY.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.

APPLICATION TILED JUNE16,191&

1 ,081 ,41 3, Patented Dec. 16, 1913.

v {SHEETS-SHEET 3.

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- mvlzu'ron WITN ESSES RIGHARDVARLEY, OF ENGLEWOOD, NEW JERSEY.

ELECTRICAL SY STEM.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, RICHARD VARLEY, a citizen of the- United States of America, residing at Englewood, in the county of Bergen and State of New Jersey, have invented new and useful Improvements in Electrical Systems, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact description, reference being had tothe accompanying drawings, which form part of this specification.

This invention relates tov electrical systems. It may find embodiment in many systems wherein it is desired to create a high tension and effectively sustained intermittent flow of current or electrical discharge at a current using inst-rumentality. In the particular instance .I have selected as an embodiment of my invention anignition system whereby the combustible charges of an engine maybe exploded.

The usual ignition system employing a coil or generator inductively wound produces .a high voltagespark of short duration and low heat, and therefore, poor ignitive value. This is due to the radical magnetizing and demagnetizing effect upon the core or armature of the inductive generator, upon breaking of the primary circuit, and resultant non-sustained magnetic flux action; the momentarily induced current in thesecondary winding producing a correspondingly short inefi'ective spark, and

while in. the alternating. current. high ten sion magneto or generator there is a certam amount of current augmentatively en eratively impressed upon the secon ary winding of the armature by reason of its rotation, after the primary circuit has been interrupted, its amperage is so slight that it is practically impotent. It is also com monly known. that in the usual ignition system, self-induction and reactance in the interrupted primary winding, causes flashing or sparking at the interrupter contacts which necessitates the employment of the more expensive, precious and less readily.

'oxid izable metals, such as platinum and iridium, for contact service, and also requires a condenser or other spark arresting means connected across said contacts for the absorption of such extra or selfinduced current, as a protection to the contacts y The general object of. my invention is to provide a system whereby there may be readily formed a spark having the charac- Specification of Letters Patent. PatentedDec. 16,.19 13. Application filed June 16,1913.- Serial No. 773,807. I

ter substantially of'arc-sustenance and high heat value as contradistinguished from the lnstantaneously delivered low heat spark above referred 'to, thereby producing a spark operatively alive, for a greater period of time relatively to the travel of the dispense with the condenser or other spark arresting means.

.A further object of my invention is to provide a system which may be used in connection with the usual lighting generator in such manner as to render the use of a separate ignition magneto unnecessary.

- My invention comprises, broadly, a source of current, a transformer in association with a current using instrumentality, such as a spark plug, and means for so controlling the transformer with respect to the source of current as to cause operative prolonged energizing oft the current using. instrument, as will be hereinafter more fully described.

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic View of circuits and apparatus embodying my invention, said diagram showing a particular electrical system, such as may be used in connection with autovehicle equipment, and to be hereinafter more fully referred to; Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic View of a modifi cation of my system; Fig. 3 is a similar view, showing a condenser connected across interrupter contacts; Fig. 4 is' another diagrammaticview showing a modified form of sparkplug connection; Fig. 4* is a fragmentary side elevational View of the spark plug employed in the system disclosed in Fig. 4;

and Fig. 5 1s a view corresponding with Fig. 1 but showing an auxiliary ignition circuit associated therewith, all views to be hereinafter more fully described.

In Figs. '1 and 5 I show my invention in association with a particular form of gene erator capable of delivering both continuous and alternating current, the former for supplying a work or light circuit (as that of an autovehicle system) .and the latter for energizing an ignition circuit or other current using circuit. forms subject matter of my invention disclosed in application Serial No. 704,259, filed June 17,1912, and used in connectionwith This duplex generator field winding 7 and a series field winding 8. that are connected to oppose each 1 her. Lamps 9 are in circuit with the generator, a storage battery 10 and the series field winding 8. The lamp circuit is supplied from the storage battery until such time as the generator reaches a suitable predetermined degree of voltage after which the continuous current is supplied from the armature 3 which also begins to charge the battery. To effect this control of the continuous current circuit I provide a magnetic cut-out or relay comprising a core 11 having winding n circuit with field winding of the generator and consisting, preferably, of

a shunt coil 12 and a series coil '13 which have a common terminal contact connection at 14- with which contact is adapted to 00- act a contact member 15 carried by and electrically connected to a pivotally mount-.

ed armature 16 connected in the continuous current circuit and. normally held out of contactual engagement or from the core 11 by asuitable spring 17 A transformer core 18 which may be of any suitable shape or construction, carrles upon one leg19 thereof a coil 20 that receives, upon driving of the armature 3, alternating current from the generator 2 through thecollector slip rings 6. Upon another leg'21 of the transformer core is a second windingor choke coil 22 having a,

small number of turns and a secondary windlng'or a Cell 23 having alarger number of turns of relatively smaller wire, one terminal of each coil preferably being grounded, as shown In the circuit of the coil 22 is an interrhpter-24: comprising a stationary contact member 25, a movable contact memher or lever 26 and an actuating cam 27 The cam 27 may be operatively associated with the armature shaft .4 or may be driven by any suitable device having a proper speed ratio with the engine shaft- (not shown).

The secondary tatable arm 29 thereof that cooperates contactually with members 30 whichconnect to the usual spark plugs 31 of a combustion engine. Proper synchronizing of the distributer with the circuit interrupting means may be effected in any suitable manner,

is closed ceil23 is connected to a' 'distributer 28, more particularly to the ro-.

such as by gearing 32, as is well understood, and the interrupter cam 27 is of such shape and so arranged as to cause commensurate opening and closing of the circuit of the coil 22 at a-suitable point or points in the alternating current wave, as here-- ,inafter described.

It will be understood that the generator 2 may be driven by the engine through any suitable form of gearing or connection (not shown) so as to energize the alternating current circuit. Although I am not limited to the use of a enerator in'whichv any given number of pu sationsor alternations of the current take place in each revolution of the armature, for autovehicle systems I may employa type of machine of such construction and 50- arranged that two alterations ofathe generator current occur during each revolution of the armature 3. The coil 20of the alternating current circuit willbe correspondingly symmetrically energized, setting up'a magnetic flux in the transformer core 18. .Normally the circuit of the coil 22 by the interrupter 24 so that said coil effectually acts as a choke upon the travel of the magnetic lines of force set up in the transformer core,'causing a repression thereof from that particularrportion of the core and maintenance of a state of flux in .the remainder of the core.- Rotation of the cam 27, causes sudden opening of the circuit of said coil 22 at a suitable point in the cur- I rent wave. This point of opening of the circuit may take place, by reason of synchronous relationship. of the cam and the generator, at or near the maximum point or period of the wave. Opening of the coil 22,

as stated, causes a disruptive discharge of current of high voltage to take place in the. secondary coil 23 in circuit with which is the current using apparatus or spark producing means above described. Repression of the flux by short circuiting of the coil' 22 causes the magnetic lines of force-to assume an abnormal path. The abnormal path taken is preferably a magnetically reluctant one, as by employing a core, such as shown, in which the flux takes a leakage path across an air gap or space intermediate the sides of the transformer.. When the coil 22 is open, the diverted repressed flux takes the" less t resistant magnetic path provided by the core, causing in theleg 21 thereof a magnetic surge of great intensity by reason of its restoration to normal and change of path of travel. The voltage is immediately gen-. eratively built up in the secondary coil 23 sufficiently to instantly bridge or break down the .air gap betw'een'the electrodes or terminals of the respective spark plug.

mere instantaneous flash or of brief duration but it continues to burn in the form substantially of a flaming are, for the break- However, the spark thus formed IS not a tea ' reason of its establishment in the circuit of I ing down of the normal reluctance of the spark ga and inaugurationof the spark or are in e ect causes a closing of the circuit containing the coil 23 with the result that there is established a mutual or reciprocal regulative relationship between the arc and the coil 23 or the flow of flux, which tends to .prevent immediate equalization of the flux or demagnetization or dissipation of the energy of the transformer and serves to greatly prolong or extend the time or the life of'theare. In other words, as the arc is established, current flows in the secondary circuit or the circuit of the coil 23 and the ampere turns of the secondary coil 23 take the place, in their effect, of that of the coil 22, thus tending to again choke or restrain the inflow of flux and preventingan abruptive or instantaneous exhaustivedischarge of energy at high voltage. This choking effect is controlled by the are which assumes, by

the coil 23, a rheostatic function, for the voltage of the'arc itself is sustained by the flux change, which flux change is, in turn, controlled by the arc amperage. There fore, with a resident body of flux in the core, preferably partially sustained by the active source, increase of arc resistance decreases the arc amperage, allowing increaseof flux and so reciprocal increase of arc volta e,..

thus tending to maintenance of arc stabillty and affording an are that is operative upon poorly mixed or thin charges of gas or gas charges of low volatility.

My construction combines the advantages of such systems as operate to induce a spark by breaking of the primary circuit and of systems in which the spark is produced by closing of the primary circuit. In addition, my system operates to instantaneously break down the resistance of the spark gap with a current of high voltage and to follow the initial formation of the spark with a current of sustained high heat value. p

The instantaneous establishment of the spark at the plug and its maintained utilization of energy, causes the active secondary circuit containing the spark producing means, to so absorb the energy and control the flux action as to prevent self-inductance of a sparking current in the circuit containing the interrupter contacts. As a result, there is little or no tendency to sparking between the interrupter contacts upon opening of the circuit.of the coil 22. I am thus enabled to employ ordinary material, such as copper, for the above parts, and to dispense with the use of a condenser or other spark arresting means which is necessary in the ordinary systemsto absorb the sparking resulting from interruption of a primary circuit.

As the generator speed increases after starting, the voltage reaches-a predetermined value at which the cutout coils '12 and 15. The generator now charges the battery 10 and supplies current to the lamps 9. The charging circuit remains closed so long as the generator voltage exceeds that of the battery. Whenthe generator voltage drops below battery charglng value, current flows from the battery in a reverse direction through the series coil 13 and the latter then opposing the coil 12, reduces the magnetic attraction and thus releases the armature 16, breaking the battery charging circuit. As above stated, the lamps may be supplied with current from the battery 10 when the generator voltage is below'the predetermined value. The lamps may be controlled individually byswitches 33 cor collectively by a switch 34 .and a usual plug switch 35 may be included in the circuit of the coil 20 to control the ignition circuit.

By employing a drum wound armature, as incident to its service in a lighting generator, I produce a current wave that is substantially a true sine curve characteristic of which is its broad or long sustained peak or maximum period of flow. .This enables me to produce in the transformer a prolonged fluX action of correspondingly elfective value in systems where the coil 22 is brought out of closed circuit at or near the peak of the wave. However, itwill be understoodthat I do not desire to limit myself to a system in which any particular mathematical relationship obtains between the interrupter mechanism and the generator phasesor current wave.

A modification of my invention is illustrated in. Fig. 2 in which like numerals are used to designate the, corresponding parts. In the ignition system here shown, only one collector ring 6 is employed, one terminal of the armature winding being grounded in circuit with the groundedend of the coil 20. The operation of this system is the same as that disclosed in Fig. 1 and a full repeated explanation is unnecessary to a complete understanding of the same.

A second modification of my invention is shown in Fig. 3 and ditters from the .preferred form shown in Fig. 1 in that a condenser 37 is connected acrossthe interrupter terminals. In the use of my invention in its preferred form, the condenser is omitted, but it may be employed if desired. Its em ployment may be necessary where abnormal conditions obtain in the circuits, and it will be understood that I do not desire to limit my invention either to the-use or the omis-. sion of a condenser. I

In Fig. 4 I show another modification'the illustrated parts of which correspond with those shown in Fig. 1, and accordingly bear V pass s from the other.

like reference numerals, with the exception of the spark plugs and connections in the secondary circuit of the coil 23. In this view I show a spark plug 38 carrying an in sulated electrode 39 coacting with which is a movable electrode or flier 40 synchronously geared to the interrupter cam 27. For convenience of illustration 1 show only two spark plugs with a uniform ratio of driving connections'between the fliers and interrupter cam. The timing relationship is such as to bring the movable electrodes or fliers consecutively into and out of spark establishing relationship with the respective stationary electrodes 39, (-as would be the case with atwo cylinder two cycle engine). It will be seen that this type of plug presents a terminal which may utilize my peculiar sustained form of current to great advantage. The insulated electrode 39 in each case-connectswith the secondary coil 23 and each movable electrode is grounded. The latter electrode 4:0 preferably has an extended spark establishing surface formed substantially concentric with its pivotal stem or mounting so that the spark gap between the electrodes remains practically constant while the operative face of the movable electrode is passing the stationary electrode. When the movable electrode approaches the stationary electrode sufficiently to form a normal spark gap and upon opening of the coil 22, the reluctance of said gap is immediately overcome or broken down by the high tension current which establishesv a spark. As stated above, the spark is.

formed at a high electromotive force and is maintained at high heat value. As the spark continues to burn, it is causedyby travel of the movable electrode, to be extended or drawn out between the stationary electrode and the point of initiation of'the spark on the movable electrode to a greater length than the normal distance between the electrodes, thus sustaining the spark for its operative period in an increased arc-like manner which greatly augments its ignitive effect. As the resistance of this are in-' creases the spark or flame seeks another point on the operative'face of the movable electrode so long asthe latter remains in normal spark gap relationship with the stationary electrode, for the reason that the normal reluctance of the gap 'has been .broken downin the setting up of the sparkand continues to be fed or kept alive by the-active coil 23 eventhough certain points between which the .arc is maintained may shift. The spark through space until the movable electrode R Shifting of the spar in this manner renders it exceedingly efi'ective upon chargesiof gas which are not highly volatile, or thin mixtures, or upon such charges as carry contained or occludedl, dead is therefore carried spots. Furthermore, by the employment of plugs such as shown, it is unnecessary to use theusual current distributer, as the plugs themselves may constitute. the distributing agent whereby proper apportioning of the current to the plugs is effected. Inother words, as the movable electrodes are synchronously geared to the interrupter mechanism, it will be seen that no firing can take place until the respective movable electrode is swung intospark establishing position. The movable electrode, as shown in Figs. 1 and 4: may carry gas agitating blades 41 which, upon movement of the electrode, serve to disturb the gas charges at points adjacent the electrodes so as to dissipate any dead pockets or inactive particles which frequently form at the heated spark plug, thus rendering ignition more eflective.

.. From the foregoing it will be understood ,that in order to energize the transformer I and producean ignition current it is necessary to drive the armature 3, at a generative speed. r v

In Fig. 5 I show a modifiedform of my invention, wherein means' are provided for setting up an initial energizin of the trans former .prior to such time as t e generator 2 may furnish anefi'ective current, .or at such 1 times when itris desired to run on battery ignition independently of the lighting gen- .erator. In this vieW, I show generallya system corresponding ,with that disclosed in- Fig. 1 with the exception thatwcircuit' and switch means are provided for setting up from a battery circuit, inductive energizing of the coil 23, as by the battery 10. On the leg 21 of the transformer I place, in addi tion to the coils 22 and 23 above described, a

coil 42 in the circuit'of which is a portion of the coil 20 and a trembler or buzzer 43. A- double armed switch 44; controls connection of the coil 20 with the 42 with the, battery. rranged in juxtaposition to the cut-out armature 16 is a contact memb r 45 which normally, by reason of the generator and the coil sprin 17 coacts t6 establish a battery cir- 'cuit through the coil 42 and a portion of the coil 20. With the double armed switch shifted to connect, through a switch contact 46, the circuit containing the coil 42, the current flow from'thebattery will be through vibrator 43, coil 42, aportion of the coil 20 and through the generator backto the battery. In the particular diagram shown this circuit through the generator is illustrated as being established from ,one' ofthe slip rings 6; through the armature wlndmg and the senes field winding 8; the alternating current circuit being broken by disconnection of the lead connecting with the other .slip ring and opposite terminal of the coil 20. Energizing of. the coil 42 and a portion of the coil 20, induces a magnetic flux in the transformer core 18, which seeks the normal magnetic path of the core. As the active turns of winding of the coil 20 and the coil. 42 are unidirectionally wound the lines of force set up respectively by these two coils, tend 'to meet one another in opposition at an intermediate point in the core.

With the choke coil '22-s'hort circuited by the interrupter mechanism the flux of the leg 21 is forced back or repressed against that in the opposite end of the transformer core, so

that it is compelled to seek an abnormal path the same as with the alternating flux above described. Opening of the choke coil 22 permits the trembled current to flow through the coils 20 and 42, by means of the active buzzer 43, producing a high tension current in the secondary winding .23 for ignition service. After starting of the enof the operator, the double armed switch has not been shifted to break the battery circuit,

building up of the generator voltage to bat--' tery charging strength will causea closing of the cut-out armature 16, thereby bringing said armature out of co tactual engagement with the contact member 3 and thus automatically breaking the battery circuit. Resultant interruption of the continuity of firing or spluttering of the engine, operates as a signal for the operator to shift the switch to alternating current connection. However, the double armed switch may be electrically controlled, as by a spring pressed solenoid subjectto voltage or current variation of, the generator 2, so that when the generator reaches a speed capable of operatively energizing the coil 20, the solenoid will immediately cut out the continuous current circuit or, upon dropping of the gen- 'erator current to an ineffective value, will open the alternating current circuit and es- I tablish the continuous or battery ignition circuit. Where it is desired to run the engine on battery ignition for any extended time, the switch 44 may be shifted to bring the continuous current circuit arm thereof to the contact iece 47 which grounds a portion of the coil 20 and the coil 42 and the vibrator 43 into circuit with the terminal ofthe battery grounded in common, as at 48, with the circuit of the lamps 9. With the establishment of such circuit connections the transformer operates in the same manner as previously described in connection with the other continuous current circuit connection.

The advantages of my invention reside in the provision of means whereby there can be obtained a spark of substantially flaming arc-like character wlneh renders it eflcctive upon gas charges which cannot be exploded bythe usual momentarily delivered spark or flash common to ignition systems as heretofore used. There is no self-induced or reactional current, appreciably set up in the coil 22 upon opening of its circuit, but instead such current ceases almost instantly upon the'opening of the interrupter terminals, with practically an entine absence of destructive sparking, and a condenser is, therefore, not necessary.

It is obvious that many changes in my invention will occur to one skilled in the art. For example, aside from the modifications above set forth, the generator may be one having permanent magnets and the armature of the same may be of the usual Htype. It is understood that such changes and modifications may be made as fall within the limits of the appended claims.

As stated above, my invention is not limited to ignition systems, as it may find em bodiment in other devices such as systems for wireless telegraphy.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. A source of energy and a circuit therefor, a coil inductively related thereto, means for short circuiting said coil, and a second coil inductively related to the first coil and havin a spark gap in circuit therewith.

2. 1% source of energy and a circuit therefor, a coil inductively related thereto, a

second coil inductively related to the other coil, and means comprising an interrupter for short circuiting said first coil.

3.-The combination with a source of energy and a circuit therefor, a coil inductively related to said circuit and a second. coil inductively related to the other coil, of means for intermittently short circuiting said first coil.

4. The combination with a source of en ergy and a circuit therefor, and a plurality of windings inductively related thereto, of means comprising said source and one of said coils, for causing a discharge of high tension current in another of said coils and following the same by low tension current inductively derived from said source.

5. The combination witha source of alternating current, and a transformer provided with a plurality of windings one of said windings being connected to said source, a circuit comprising a second of said windingsand a spark gap, and means for intermittently short circuiting a third of said windings.

6. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a coil, and means, comprising a second coil, for bringing thefirst coil into and out of inductive relationship with the said circuit.

7. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a coil, and, means, com prisinga coil and make and break mechanism, for bringing the first coil into and out of generative inductive relationship with the said circuit,

8. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a coil having aspark gap ing a second coil, for bringing the first coil into and out of inductive relationship with the said circuit. 1

9. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a plurality of coils subject to inductive influence of said circuit, one of said coils having a spark gap in circuit therewith, and means for controlling the latter coil with respect to the spark gap, and comprising another of said coils.

10. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a-coil in circuit therewith, a second coil, and means comprising a. circuit independent of the firstcircuit, for bringing the second coil into and out of inductive generative relationship with the first coil.

11. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a primary coil in circuit therewith, a secondary coil, and means comprising athird coil, for controlling inductive relationship of the second coil with the primary coil.

12. A source of electrical energy and a. circuit therefor, a primary coil in circuit,

therewith, a second coil, and means comprising a third coil and interrupter mechanism therewith, for controlling inducthe primary coil.

13. A source of electrical energy and a current circuit therefor, a coil in circuit therewith, a second coil inductively related to the first coiland having in circuit a spark gap, and means, including an independent circuit, for building up from said source. energy in said first coil and for transferring said energy to the second coil to cause a spark across said ap.

14. A source 0 electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a primary .coil inductively associated therewith, a second coil having in circuit a spark gap, and .a third coil .for controlling the second coil, and having a circuit independent of the primary coil.

15. A source of electrical energy, a primary coil inductively associated therewith,

a second coil having in circuit a spark gap, anda third coil havmgin circuit interrupter mechanism; the circuit of the last named coil being independent of the primary coil. x

in circuit therewith, and means, compr1s-' .16. A source of electrical energy, a primary coil and a secondary coil having a spark gap in circuit therewith, and means, including an independent circuit and controlling mechanism for building up from said source energy in said primary coil and for transferring said energy to the secondary coil to cause a spark across the gap.

17. A source of electrical energy, a secondary coil having a spark gap in circuit therewith and a primary coil, and common means, includlng an independent circult,

for building up from said source energy in ,said primary coil, for transferring sald energy to said secondary coilto' produce an initial high tension discharge across said gap, and for following the initial discharge by a low tensiondischarge.

18. A source of current and a coil con- .nected thereto, a plurality of coils inductively related to said coil, and means, comprising a core and controlling mechanism, F

for building upfrom said source energy in one of said coils and for transferring said energy to another of said coils and at the same time supplying energy from said source.

19'.\A coil having a spark gap in circuit therewith, a second coil inductivelyrelated to the other coil and a third coil, means, comprising a source of current, for building up energy in-the third coil, and means for transferring said energy to the first coil,

said means including the second coil and Y circuit controlling means therefor.

20. A source of electrical energy and a circuit therefor, a'pl'urality of windings inductively related thereto, and means, comprising said source and one of said coils, a d scharge of current in an-- for causin other of said coils and sustaining said discharge by a flow of current inductively derived.

'21. A tran'sformer provided with a plurality of windings one of which is for connection with a source of electrical energy, a

circuit comprising a second one of said wind1ngs and a spark gap, and meiins for intermittently closing and 0 cuit of a third one of said windings.

22. The combination with a stationary magnetizable core, an alternating flux therein, means for causing a leakage of said flux and a circuit comprising a spark gap and a coil upon said core.

23. The combination with a stationary magnetizable core, and means for producing an alternating magnetic flux therein, of means for diverting ofa portion of said flux through a leakage path, and means for utilizing the transfer of said flu; to its normal path .t o-produce an electric spark.

24. A stationary magnetizable core, means, including .a-current circuit, for producing pening the cirof means for producing an alternating magnetic flux therein, two circuits similarly subject to the influence of said flux, and a current using instrumentality located in one of said circuits and means for interrupting the other of said circuits.

9.5.A transformer core, a coil for settin up from an electrical source a magnetic flux therein, a second coil having a spark gap, and a choke coil associated with the transformer core andadap'ted to control the flux thereof with respect to the second coil.

26. A transformer core, a coil for setting up from an electrical source a magnetic flux action therein, a second'coil subject to inductive influence of the core,- and a third coil for controlling the flux action of the core, whereby the second coil may be intermittently ener 'zed.

27 A trans ormer core, a coil for setting up from an electrical source energy in the thereby, means, comprising a second coil,

for so storing from an electrical source energy in the core as to hold it out of inductive relationship with the first coil and for supplying said energy to the first coil, and interrupter mechanism for controlling the second coil.

In testimony whereof-I havehereunto set 35 my hand.

RICHARD VARLEY. Witnesses MARY A. BAn'rH, M. A. KELLER. 

